Input to the calculation

Input to the calculations is the COP and capacity of the heat pump tested at four-five different temperature levels +12°C, +7°C, +2°C, -7°C and -15°C (-15°C is only required for the colder climate). The heat pump shall be tested in equivalence with standard EN 14511:2007, with the same test methods, test set up, uncertainty of measurements and the way of evaluating data. The heat pump shall be tested at part load to deliver the required heat load of the building at each temperature level. Instructions of how the heat pump shall be tested by means of part load and type of operation; fixed capacity units, staged capacity units and variable speed capacity units, are given in this method. The required part load for the building at the test points are given by:

determined in various ways,

Figure 1. SPF can be determined in various ways, including field measurement, calculation methods and dimensioning software. Based on lab measured performance data, SPF can be calculated according to calculation methods, that normally relates performance data in specific operating modes to annual climatic conditions, expressed as “bin models” where the number of hours in a year the temperature is between certain values are binned together. Model buildings are normally used to give annual heat demands and overall heat transfer resistances of the building. For the installer of heat pumps, more specific details of the building must be prompted, as well as detailed data about the ground properties in the case of GSHP’s. Local climatic data is also used for estimating the heat demand. The climatic data contains a cold shock in order to dimension the heat pump capacity to extreme conditions that may occur during the lifetime of the installation. Other data such as the number of occupants, Domestic Hot Water (DHW) energy consumption is also normally entered in the software models for dimensioning. To evaluate the real performance of the installed heat pump, field measurements are carried out to relate the useful heat produced to the energy input, often electrical power (but it could also be heat driven processes). The SPF of the heat pump is then often expressed as the ratio of the heat delivered to the heat distribution system (including DHW when relevant) to the electricity to operate the heat pump (including electricity to operate pumps and fans to bring the heat source to the heat pump). The different level of detail given as input in the different stages of SPF calculation will lead to different SPF values. The main objective of this project is to identify what needs to be included in a new calculation method in order to better represent the real SPF of the heat pump in the building system

These charts relate

These charts relate duct friction, duct size, air flow in cubic foot per minute and flow velocity.  Reference 2 indicates that duct velocities should be about 900 ft/min or less.   Entering an air friction chart at 2137 ft3 /min flow quantity and a velocity of 900 ft/ min at the air handler outlet, gives a friction loss of .05 inches of water per 100 feet and an outlet duct of 21 inches diameter.  To get the maximum pressure loss in the system, determine the longest run of duct. Inspection of Figure 5 shows that the longest run consists of duct sections A+C+D+F+H+J.  Including the entrance and elbow equivalent lengths, this run length is  L = 10ft entrance +6+6+35ft elbow +10+20+2+35ft elbow +17 = 141 ft The total pressure loss is
© Gary D. Beckfeld  Page 13 of 21
P = .05 (141/100) + .04 in. diffuser loss = .1105 in. of water

Balancing pressures

) Balancing pressures
Within any form of fluid transportation there is always some pressure drop off in the system due to acombination of two factors: •Friction of the fluid moving across the walls of the duct– which depends on flow type,internal face’s geometry and the friction coefficient. •Dynamic drop due to variations in ductgeometry and/or the direction of the air flow.
In order to achieve correctperfusion,ducts musthave a correctly defined section,with a balanced average air velocity and defined static pressure.
Inadequate ductnetwork design or defects in material installation will change the operating conditions,giving rise to thermal loads in the targetareas and insufficientair replenishment(with a decline in perceived comfortfor the building’s occupants).
d) Noise in ductnetwork and acoustic attenuation
Another aspectindependentof material which plays a fundamental role in a ductis acoustic attenuation ofthe noise produced by the HVAC system itself (air handling units,airflow in the ducts,diffusers etc.…),as well as from ‘transmission noise’produced in the building and thattransmitted to neighbouring buildings via the ductsystem.As noise is considered ‘unwanted sound’,itis evidentthatreducing noise results in better indoor air quality & comfort.To achieve the desired level of attenuation,ducts made from or insulated using a material with high acoustic absorption properties,such as glass wool need to be installed. The most effective solution would be based on glass wool ductboards. Alternatively,the application of glass wool ductliners mightalso be recommended.If ULTIMATE mineral wool is to be used,due to fire resistance requirements,italso significantly attenuates noise produced in the installation.The following table shows the results of the studies carried outby NAIMA on ductnoise attenuation for differentducts solutions:

FUNCTIONS

FUNCTIONS
5.1 AUTO POWER OFF
The auto power off helps conserve power when using on battery or the AC adapter,
the machine will automatically turn off after 4 min of inactive use or no change in
the displayed weight.
6.0 CALIBRATION
Before calibrating the Dune series it is best to turn on the unit for about 1 min to let
the components warm up.
1) Press [on/off] key to turn the power on, if it is not already.
2) Press and hold the [Unit] key, until “CAL” is displayed
3) Remove any weight from the pan.
4) Press the [Unit] key, the display will flash “CAL” them will show the cal mass
required. If the cal mass is not displayed then the machine is not stable or is
not within a zero range. Turn off the unit and try zeroing the display before
trying another calibration.
5) Place the appropriate calibration mass on the scale

Supply Outlets

Supply Outlets
2.2.1 Impact on Uniformity
When selecting supply outlets, the designer must consider the “occupied zone” of the space to be
2 feet off walls and 6 feet above the floor to avoid drafts. Drafts caused by airflow within the
occupied zone can be considered a comfort issue. The amount
of airflow that may be perceived as a draft can be relatively
low. Air at a velocity of 15 feet per minute may allow smoke
to hang in the air, whereas a piece of paper may blow off a desk at an air velocity of 65 feet per
minute. The target terminal velocity or the velocity at the useful end of an air stream is between
50 and 75 feet per minute; therefore, if this air stream is directed into the occupied zone, a
complaint of a draft is likely.
Pressure loss associated with the supply outlets must be considered when selecting the type of air
outlet and must be added to the entire duct run pressure loss.
The proper amount of air is determined by the room-by-room heating and cooling loads. Too
little air delivered to a room results in underheating or undercooling, whereas too much air
delivered to a room results in overheating or overcooling. To maintain a uniform temperature
and to avoid stratification, the supply air must also adequately mix the air in the room.

however, where ducts

however, where ducts pass through spaces surrounded by "A" class divisions, without serving those
spaces, provided those ducts have the same fire integrity as the divisions which they pierce.
D.5.7.6 Ventilation ducts with a free cross-sectional area exceeding 0.02 m2 passing through "B" class
bulkheads shall be lined with steel sheet sleeves of 900 mm in length divided preferably into 450 mm on
each side of the bulkheads unless the duct is of steel for this length.
D.5.8 Insulation of duct penetrations
The fire protection insulation of air ducts and sleeves is to be in accordance with the space group pairings
indicated in tables, see GL Rules for Hull Structures (I-1-1), Section 22, Table 22.1 to 22.8.
The tables relating to the bulkhead are likewise applicable to ducts routed through decks.
A space pairing refers to the spaces separated by a bulkhead or deck, irrespective of any other spaces
served by the duct in question.

Where a thin plated

D.5.7.2 Where a thin plated duct with a free cross-sectional area equal to, or less than, 0.02 m2 passes
through "A" class bulkheads or decks, the opening shall be lined with a steel sheet sleeve having a thickness
of at least 3 mm and a length of at least 200 mm, divided preferably into 100 mm on each side of the
bulkhead or, in the case of the deck, wholly laid on the lower side of the decks pierced.
D.5.7.3 Where ventilation ducts with a free cross-sectional area exceeding 0.02 m2 pass through
"A" class bulkheads or decks, the opening shall be lined with a steel sheet sleeve. However, where such
ducts are of steel construction and pass through a deck or bulkhead, the ducts and sleeves shall comply
with the following:
D.5.7.4 The sleeves shall have a thickness of at least 3 mm and a length of at least 900 mm. When
passing through bulkheads, this length shall be divided preferably into 450 mm on each side of the bulkhead.
These ducts, or sleeves lining such ducts, shall be provided with fire insulation. The insulation shall
have at least the same fire integrity as the bulkhead or deck through which the duct passes.
D.5.7.5 Ducts with a free cross-sectional area exceeding 0.075 m2 shall be fitted with fire dampers in
addition to the requirements of D.5.7.4. The fire damper shall operate automatically, but shall also be
capable of being closed manually from both sides of the bulkhead or deck. The damper shall be provided
with an indicator which shows whether the damper is open or closed. Fire dampers are not required

the ducts where they

D.5.4.4 The ducts where they pass through a machinery space of category A, galley, vehicle space,
ro-ro cargo space or special category space are constructed of steel, suitable supported and stiffened
(see D.5.3.1) and
D.5.4.5 Such ducts are insulated to "A-60" standard within the machinery spaces of category A, galleys,
vehicle spaces, ro-ro cargo spaces or special category spaces.
D.5.5 Ducts are to be routed in such a way that neither machinery nor switchgear can be endangered
by condensation or spray water. Where necessary, water traps, baffles and similar devices are to
be fitted. Effective water traps are to be provided with appositely directed baffle plates. The lowermost
baffle of the water trap is to be provided with a drainage pipe.
D.5.6 Natural ventilating systems shall not employ a branched ducting system.
D.5.7 Duct penetrations
D.5.7.1 Duct penetrations through "A" class divisions shall be of an approved type 4. Where steel
sleeves are directly joined to ventilation ducts by means of riveted or screwed flanges or by welding, the
approval is not required.

D.5.3.4 insulated

D.5.3.4 insulated to "A-60" standard from the machinery spaces, galleys, vehicle spaces, ro-ro cargo
spaces or special category spaces to a point at least 5 m beyond each fire damper; or
D.5.3.5 constructed of steel suitable supported and stiffened (see D.5.3.1) and insulated to "A-60"
standard throughout the accommodation spaces, service spaces or control stations.
D.5.4 Ducts provided for the ventilation to accommodation spaces, service spaces or control stations
shall not pass through machinery spaces of category A, galleys, vehicle spaces, ro-ro cargo spaces or
special category spaces unless either:
D.5.4.1 the ducts where they pass through a machinery space of category A, galley, vehicle space, roro
cargo space or special category space are constructed of steel, suitable supported and stiffened (see
D.5.3.1),
D.5.4.2 automatic fire dampers are fitted close to the boundaries penetrated and
D.5.4.3 the integrity of the machinery space, galley, vehicle space, ro-ro cargo space or special category
space boundaries is maintained at the penetrations or

These ducts shall

D.5.1.1 These ducts shall be of any material having low flame spread characteristics which is type
approved 2.
D.5.1.2 On ships constructed on or after 1 July 2010, the ducts shall be made of heat resisting noncombustible
material, which may be faced internally and externally with membranes having low
flamespread characteristics and, in each case, a calorific value 3 not exceeding 45 MJ / m2 of their surface
area for the thickness used.
D.5.1.3 They may only be used at the end of the ventilation device.
D.5.1.4 They shall not be situated less than 600 mm, measured along the duct, from an opening in an
"A" or "B" class division including continuous "B" class ceilings.
D.5.2 Flexible bellows of combustible material may be used for connecting fans to the ducting in air
conditioning or fan rooms.
D.5.3 Ducts provided for the ventilation of machinery spaces of category A, galleys, vehicle spaces,
ro-ro cargo spaces or special category spaces shall not pass through accommodation spaces, service
spaces or control stations unless the ducts are either:

Fire dampers within the duct system

D.4.2 Fire dampers within the duct system
D.4.2.1 Approval
Fire dampers, including relevant means of operation, are to be of approved type 1.
D.4.2.2 Accessibility and indication
Fire dampers shall be easily accessible. Each damper shall be clearly marked by an identification number
or letters. Where they are placed behind ceilings or linings, inspection doors shall be provided. These
inspection doors shall be clearly marked with the relevant identification marks. The identification mark
shall be placed also on any remote control. The status (open/ closed) of each fire damper shall be clearly
indicated at the damper and each remote control.
D.4.2.3 Type of means of manual closing of fire dampers
Manual closing may be achieved by mechanical means of release or by remote operation of the fire
damper by means of a fail-safe electrical switch or pneumatic release (spring-loaded, etc.) on both sides
of the division.
D.5 Ventilation ducts
D.5.1 Ventilation ducts shall be of steels or equivalent material. Short flexible ducts, however, not
generally exceeding 2 m in length and with a free cross-sectional area not exceeding 0.02 m2 need not be
steels or equivalent, subject to the following conditions:

The arrangement of two fire closures o

The arrangement of two fire closures of multi blade design according to D.4.1.4 in a common
frame is acceptable, if the following requirements are fulfilled:
 The total free cross sectional area of the entire ventilation opening is at least 3 m2
 The cross sectional area of each single blade is at least 0.5 m2
 The two fire closures are to be separated from each other. For this purpose an intermediate frame is
to be provided
 The closing mechanism of the two fire closures shall be independent from each other
D.4.1.6 Weather tight closures of a recognized standard are accepted as fire closures. In that case
weathertight closures are to be permanently attached irrespective of the length of the ship.
D.4.1.7 GL approved weather tight closures of multi-blade design, which are use rubber as sealing
material, may be accepted as fire closures if the following requirements are fulfilled:
 The closure is located in a position, where in accordance with Load Line Convention weather tightness
is required
 The closure consist of not more than 5 single blades
 The total clear height of each blade shall be at least 200 mm
 Each blade shall have a thickness depending on its cross section as specified in