Strength Test

Strength Test data from EN 14511 can be used in the calculations. The model provides default values to recalculate the test points to fit the part load of the heat pump for the different kinds of heat pumps (fixed capacity, staged capacity och variable capacity). The capacity and corresponding COP values are then interpolated between the temperature bins. However, the accurateness of the recalculation is unknown.  
The model itself has suggested test points with a radiator curve (supply temperature) that is adjusted to the outdoor temperature. At colder outdoor temperatures the supply temperature is higher and at warmer outdoor temperatures the supply temperatures are lowe

needed.

Weakness Unfortunately the model still contains bugs and technical mistakes in the equations and the way of thinking. It seems to be adjusted to boilers and bio boilers instead of heat pumps.  
The model does not include a power balance, but is doing a temperature balance instead. This makes the distribution of the energy need and the required amounts of backup heat differ from the theoretical needed.  
The model includes a decided fraction of heat loss that cannot be escaped from. For example if the heat pump does not use night set back a default penalty loss of 12% from the total delivered energy is subtracted. The losses from the apparatus and system operation are also decided in percentages.  
At part load operation there is no change in the system flows. This does not seem right with controlled radiators. (Should the radiators be controlled or is it enough with a displacement/adjustment of the radiator curve

The night set back

The night set back function uses the same night temperature all year around, which is not the case in reality.
It is not possible to choose the energy requirement of the house; instead the energy demand is an outcome of the capacity of the heat pump. If the heat pump is not monovalent also the fraction of backup heat is needed to decide the energy demand of the house.  
GSHP’s are treated unfairly when recalculating the operation data to part load operation. The ground source heat pumps are degraded by a factor 0.89 at 50 % of the delivered capacity. (The Cd factor, i.e. the on/off control, is overestimated for water borne systems)

The large truck

The large truck
mounted units offer
lots of suction so you
typically do not have
to zone off the HVAC
system. These units
sit outside and a large
50’ to 100’ long
suction hose is
brought into the home
or building and
connected to the
ductwork. You are
limited to cleaning
residential and one or
two story commercial
buildings with the
truck mounted units.
These units are also
the most expensive
and require the most
maintenance.
• Trailer mounted and

The highest level of

The highest level of
cleaning is achieved by
power brushing and air
washing because it does
the best job of removing
the accumulated dirt
and debris in the
ductwork. The
brushing does the best
job of dislodging the
accumulated dirt and
debris because it is
making physical contact
with more of the
interior ductwork than
the other methods. Air
washing after brushing
is necessary to help
move any remaining
Dirt and debris out of
the ductwork to the
vacuum, collection
system.

This dirt and debris

This dirt and debris is
collected (via the
negative pressure or
suction from the
vacuum collection unit)
and blown (via air
washing tools) to the
vacuum collection unit.
Coils can be cleaned via
air washing, contact
vacuuming or with coil
cleaning solutions and
water.

that contractors use to

There are three main
types/levels of cleaning
used to clean ductwork
that contractors use to
achieve source removal
of the accumulated dirt
and debris:
The first level is air
washing only. Air
washing is the use of
high-pressure air that
comes from your air
compressor through an
air hose to an air
nozzle. This air nozzle
delivers the streams of
high-pressure air, which
dislodges the
accumulated dirt and
debris. The suction
from the vacuum
collection system and
the high-pressure air
from the air nozzle
move the dirt and
debris that has been
dislodged from the
ductwork into the
vacuum collection
system.

What is Air Duct Cleaning?

1. What is Air Duct
Cleaning?
Air duct cleaning is
more than cleaning
air ducts. A more
appropriate term to
use would be “HVAC
system cleaning.”
The HVAC system
includes everything in
the air steam like all
of the registers, grilles
and diffusers, the
supply ductwork and
the return ductwork.
In residential systems
it also includes the
furnace or air
handler. In
commercial systems it
would also include
turning vanes, reheat
coils, vav boxes,
dampers etc.

Qualifications

Qualifications
There is probably no
one more qualified
then the HVAC
Contractor to perform
air duct cleaning
services. They
already have
extensive knowledge
of the HVAC system
and have the skill set
to clean all of the
components in the
HVAC system. There
is not a better or
easier time to clean
HVAC system they
when you are
changing out a
furnace or air
handler

Many HVAC

Many HVAC
Contractors are
looking for ways to
expand and grow
your business. It
makes sense to
consider a service
that have good long
term potential, a
service that
compliments your
existing services, a
service that is not
difficult to enter and
a service that offers
good profitability.
The indoor air quality
market in general and
air duct cleaning in
particular is just such
a service

The electricity

The electricity consumed by the heat pump, WHP, is measured continually while the produced space heating is measured at five “performance tests” done at different outdoor temperatures. During the performance tests the heating capacity of the heat pump is measured during stable conditions and is thereby not including any defrost period. Therefore the calculated COP for each test point is based on data from only a part of the operating cycle

From the five

From the five performance tests the COP for the heat pump can be expressed as a function of the outdoor temperature. From this function an average COP for each month is calculated based on the average temperature for the month. Knowing the electricity produced each month by the heat pump the SPF2 can be calculated:

The calculations of SPF’s

The calculations of SPF’s are based on the field measurements data from the Fraunhofer study. In the data we have received from the Fraunhofer study the total energy consumption for the heat pump system and its components is presented as well as the energy consumption divided into energy used for space heating and energy used for production of domestic hot water.
In this project we have not been able to evaluate exactly how these allocations have been made. For some of the studied installation sites a part (up to 20%) of the total electricity consumption has been allocated neither to space heating nor to the domestic hot water production. This is mainly the case for the electricity consumption. For the heat produced no energy gap is seen between the total energy production and the energy divided into space heating and domestic hot water

Ground source heat pumps

Ground source heat pumps When using prEN14825, data according to Table 13 has to be filled in. The chosen climate, “average” gives that Tdesign is -10°C. Tbivalent is the outdoor temperature where the capacity of heat pump covers the heat demand of the house. It is set to -10°C, to make the heat pump monovalent, like in the field study. TOL, the operation limit temperature, is set to -25°C. This temperature declares where the heat pump no longer can operate. The model calculates Pdesign as a result of Tbivalent and is the heat demand of the house at Tdesign

Field measurements

Field measurements
Ground source heat pumps All analyzed heat pump systems are installed in German single family houses with floor heating. The heat pump is more or less monovalent, only a very small amount of backup heat has been used during the year of measurements. The heat pumps in the study were all  installed in new built houses during the years 2004-2008.  The data used for the SPF calculations are based on field measurements carried out during one year, with one exception the SPF for site no. 1 is based on data measured from January to Augus

SPF1

SPF1 is normally measured on the brine/water sides of the evaporator/condenser, but it could also be measured directly in the refrigeration loop with e.g. the Climacheck equipment [10]. This requires measurement of the pressure and temperature of the refrigerant. This methodology is very efficient if the status/condition or diagnosis of the heat pump is to be evaluated, but generally in domestic heat pumps, the measurement  is not easy to carry out since measurement sockets are not generally installed.

Outdoor climate

Outdoor climate
The outdoor climate follows the climate of the year.  The calculation models use the same temperature climate when calculating SPF for the ground source heat pumps. The climate corresponds to a European average climate, Strasbourg, with the coldest temperature of - 10°C.
The field measurements of the ground source heat pumps are carried out in Germany. The heat pumps installations used for the SPF calculations are spread over the country, from the Hamburg area in the north to Stuttgart in the south. In the calculation models the average climate is chosen as the climate mostly corresponding to the German.
The air to air heat pump installation is made in a climate that is similar to the “colder” climate. Therefore the colder climate is used in the calculation models when calculating SPF for the air to air heat pump

Size Ductwork

Size Ductwork
` For conventional low velocity ductwork the sizing
method most used is by constant pressure, that is, the
average pressure or resistance to flow per unit length is
kept at a constant figure.
` The duct sizing chart (Figure below) shows the various
pressure drops against air quantity or volume and duct
diameter

The calculated SPF’

The calculated SPF’s in the study are based on the energy allocated to the space heating only, this in order to make the results comparable to the results from the calculation models in prEN14825 and Lot 1, which not include the production of domestic hot water.
Air to air heat pumps The field measurement of the air to air heat pumps is carried out in single family houses located in the Borås area of Sweden. All houses in the study have electricity driven radiators for back up heating.  The field measurements are based on SP method 1721. From the field measurements SPF2 and SPF3 has been calculated as described below

3 method

3 methods of designing ductwork and fan:
¾Equal velocity method - the designer selects the
same air velocity for use through out the system
¾Velocity reduction method - the designer selects
variable velocities appropriate to each section or branch of
ductwork
¾Equal friction method - the air velocity in the main
duct is selected and the size and friction determined from a
design chart. The same frictional resistance is used for all
other sections of ductwork

Absolutely.

Absolutely. The air purifying filter will trap mildew, mites, cigarette smoke, dust and
pollen. If someone in your family is prone to allergies, then a ductless heating and
cooling system is the perfect upgrade.
Our systems also feature photocatalytic deodorizing filters. These filters were
developed with a technology that decomposes odors and removes bacteria and
viruses. Maintenance is as simple as wiping the filter clean and exposing it to
sunlight once every six months. It never needs to be replaced.
Many utilities offer rebates or interest-free financing that can significantly reduce
installation costs. You may also qualify for state or federal tax credits. Ask your Daikin
dealer for information about programs in your area.

Imagine someone

Imagine someone whispering to you from five feet away—that’s how quietly a
ductless system operates. By activating Daikin’s unique quiet mode, the sound level
drops even more. It’s heating and cooling that is truly ultra-quiet.
These highly-efficient systems feature state-of-the-art technology that automatically
responds to your needs. There’s no fiddling with the settings—the programmed
temperature is maintained by constant monitoring. This constant monitoring not
only keeps you comfortable, it also prevents excessive cooling or heating and helps
cut your energy and operating costs by as much as 50 percent. Forget turning the
heat up or the air down, just set it and let it maintain your home’s comfort.
Daikin systems exclusively offer the ‘intelligent eye,’ a feature that automatically
switches into an energy-saving set-back temperature mode when no movement
has been detected for 20 minutes. Normal operation resumes when someone enters
the room, providing a comfortable environment and sustained cost-effectiveness.
The intelligent eye feature saves energy without compromising comfort.

Building an addition

Building an addition or converting a garage or basement?
A ductless system is a great solution when adding to your home or converting an
existing attic, garage or basement into a living space. It’s also a great solution when
the cost of a ducted system is too high, or otherwise not possible due to space or
home layout limitations.
Planning a new home?
New home designs can be easily adapted to take full advantage of a ductless
heating and cooling system. No matter the size of the home, a Daikin system can
be designed to simplify installation and maximize efficiency

Whether you’re

Whether you’re looking to supplement an existing system or condition an addition
or a brand-new home, Daikin ductless heating and cooling systems are designed
to meet your needs and provide maximum comfort, control and efficiency.
Do you have electric baseboards, wall heaters or ceiling units?
A Daikin system in the main living area can cost-effectively heat and cool an
average home, while existing baseboards or wall heaters can be used when or if
they are needed

Ductless systems

Ductless systems have just two main components and no invasive and costly
ductwork, which means installations are often done in a day. The indoor unit
is typically mounted on a centrally-located wall within your home that easily
connects to an outdoor unit.
Going ductless is the perfect upgrade to inefficient baseboard heaters and noisy,
view-obstructing window air conditioners. Rather than extending the home’s
existing ductwork or adding electric resistance heaters, a ductless system delivers
efficient heating and cooling and is quicker and less expensive to install.

General ventilation in the home

General ventilation in the home

Opening a window and turning on a window fan will improve general ventilation in mild weather. Sometimes, air exchange with outdoors happens through cracks around windows and walls. But if your house is weatherized, or if you notice air quality problems, you may need help to install a system to bring air in and out of your home. Most home heating and cooling systems move air around, but do not mechanically bring fresh air into the house.

Spot exhaust fans

Spot exhaust fans

Spot exhaust fans draw air away from the source and vent it to the outdoors. Sometimes, these are the only vents that exchange air with the outdoors. They can be useful to get air moving throughout the house, if doors to the kitchen or bathroom are left open and fans running.

• Look for exhaust fans in your bathroom, over the kitchen stove  and in laundry rooms.
• Be sure the vents lead to outdoors, and not into an attic or crawl space.
• Be sure the vents are clean and unblocked both indoors and where they release air outdoors.
• Test fans to see if they are working well enough to draw air out.
• Be sure to turn them on when you wash or cook!

Why we need good ventilation

Why we need good ventilation

Between smoke, dust, vapors and cleaning product residue, indoor air is often 2-5  times worse than outdoor air. Because we spend 90% of our time indoors, good ventilation is essential to good health. Children are particularly vulnerable because their lungs are still developing and they breathe more air per pound of body weight than adults.  In addition to reducing sources of air pollutants, good ventilation is important to ensure healthy air.

Fans and vents

Fans and vents

Fans and vents draw stale air out of your home or bring fresh air into your home. Making sure that air is circulating will prevent mold and mildew, ease allergies and asthma, keep you safe from pollutants, and protect your home from damage. 

How do I know I need better ventilation?

• If cooking scents and odors tend to linger
• If  you smell mold or mildew in closets or walls
• If your eyes get irritated indoors
• If you notice condensation on the inside of your windows or on cold surfaces

Rate Procedure

Ventilation Rate Procedure is rate based on standard and prescribes the rate at which ventilation air must be delivered to a space and various means to condition that air.^[38] Air quality is assessed (through CO₂ measurement) and ventilation rates are mathematically derived using constants. Indoor Air Quality Procedure uses one or more guidelines for the specification of acceptable concentrations of certain contaminants in indoor air but does not prescribe ventilation rates or air treatment methods.^[38] This addresses both quantitative and subjective evaluations, and is based on the Ventilation Rate Procedure. It also accounts for potential contaminants that may have no measured limits, or for which no limits are not set (such as formaldehyde offgassing from carpet and furniture).

In hot,

In hot, humid climates, unconditioned ventilation air will deliver approximately one pound of water each day for each cfm of outdoor air per day, annual average. This is a great deal of moisture, and it can create serious indoor moisture and mold problems.

• Ventilation efficiency is determined by design and layout, and is dependent upon placement and proximity of diffusers and return air outlets. If they are located closely together, supply air may mix with stale air, decreasing efficiency of the HVAC system, and creating air quality problems.
• System imbalances occur when components of the HVAC system are improperly adjusted or installed, and can create pressure differences (too much circulating air creating a draft or too little circulating air creating stagnancy).